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Ropalidia romandi
''Ropalidia romandi'', also known as the yellow brown paper wasp or the yellow paper wasp. is a species of paper wasp found in Northern and Eastern Australia. ''R. romandi ''is a swarm-founding wasp, and manages perennial nests. Its nests are known as 'paper bag nests'〔 and have different architectural structures, depending on the substrates from which they are built.〔 The specific name honors Gustave, baron de Romand, a prominent French political figure and amateur entomologist.
Because swarm-founding colonies can contain more than one egg-laying queen, they tend to challenge current kin selection theory. in that they do not meet William D. Hamilton’s rule of haplodiploid eusocial Hymenoptera, in which all the sisters from a single mating of one queen with a parthenogenetically-produced male will share 75% of their genes.〔
〕 This wasp often has multiple strepsipteran endoparasites, and it delivers a very painful sting when threatened.〔〔
==Taxonomy and phylogeny==
''Ropalidia romandi'', first named by Élie Jean François Le Guillou in 1841,〔 is in the subfamily Polistinae. It contains two subspecies, ''R. romandi romandi'' (Le Guillou 1841) and'' R. romandi cabeti (''de Saussure 1853). ''Ropalidia'' is the only genus in Polistinae that contains both independent-founding species, founded by only one or a few fertilized females, and swarm-founding species. Swarm-founding species within ''Ropalidia'' must thus have evolved independently from swarm-founding species found in other polistine genera. This genus is distributed across Oceania and the Old World,〔 and contains approximately 180 species. It and the other three Old World polistine genera form a monophyletic group.〔
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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